Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR Essay - 1

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR - Essay Example According to the discussion human resource managers are well aware of the potential of the employees working in the firm, they are in a better position to decide on behalf of the employees instead of the top management. Top management is just concerned mainly with the profitability and productivity of the firm, the other aspects are handled by the human resource management.From this paper it is clear that at the present time, it is vital for the business organisations to understand the pre-requisites of these professionals and provide them with the mandatory resources for efficient management of the entire workforce.   When any department is equipped with all the necessary resource needed for doing the job effectively, along with the required technology, then there stands a good chance that all work operation run smoothly. Talent and skills go hand in hand with the required resources for delivering exemplary performance.  The key social trends identified in the Davidsons case are creating the employment issues because the females lack the required set of expertise and capabilities to perform the obligatory tasks. Majority of the employees are willing to work as part-time as they want to avail various opportunities of earning sufficient amount of money. Since the customers’ complaints have increased as well, it shows that the employees need to develop their working abilities so that they can achieve their performance goals. Customer complaints are not a good sign and hence employee performances need to be reviewed to ensure that things are working in the right direction. As the employees are given wages below the industry standards at Davidsons, they are looking for new jobs in other supermarkets. All employees interact with other employees in the same

Business of Being Born Essay Example for Free

Business of Being Born Essay There is a culture of â€Å"women-only† that runs rampant in spaces for pregnant women. Much of the talk is about how valuable women find the support of other women. It also excludes men from the process and experience of pregnancy, as much as they can experience it. Overall the film focuses on the fact that women have been told they’re not responsible for their birth. Katsi Cook, a Mohawk women and Native women’s health activist said she â€Å"believes that the relationship of trust and respect between a woman and her midwife empowers the woman to ask questions and obtain the information she needs to make real choices about her health and life. (The Mother’s Milk Project, 611) In the film, Ricki Lake wanted to explore women’s â€Å"rite of passage,† by giving the power back to the women. There’s this idea since hospitals are a business that once they â€Å"facilitate† an intervention has been started and it becomes a domino effect after that. When these interventions have started, the questions: â€Å"what’s best for the baby? † â€Å"Is the baby going to benefit from this or not? † need to be well thought out. According to Overview of Maternity, â€Å"medical evidence shows that the routine use of unnecessary interventions put mothers and babies at risk. In the film Marsden Wagner M. D. , stated that there is no history of worthy obstetrical practices and careful studies of the long-term effects of the interventions. The United States has gotten away from midwifery starting in 1955, only 1% of births took place at home. The culture shift portrayed midwives as â€Å"vestige of the old country. † Midwives were understood as dirty, ignorant and illiterate. Now midwives are often perceived as unprepared. Once doctors started graduating from medical school, business took over the birthing process. Births then went into the hospitals and midwives did not follow. The concept of normal changed. Midwives often lack available and affordable malpractice insurance; because of this midwives are then perceived â€Å"inferior† to physicians. Overview of Maternity states â€Å"Midwives recognize birth as a normal, natural process and support the use of less invasive techniques, such as position changes, waiting, hydrotherapy, and perinatal support, that carry fewer risks to mothers and babies and are usually more effective. † Another effect the culture has on the lack of midwives is when the culture as a whole insinuates that birth s scary and dangerous. Yes, there will always be some sort of risks when it comes to birth. However, that is where I believe technology has had a positive effect on birth. More than less, we are now able to detect the dangers ahead of time. The film associates the amount of trust we put into hospitals and technology is reflected upon our infant-mortality rate. Our neonatal statistics are not the greatest. In the film midwives and hospitals are not looked to blame. It is our diverse population that distorts those statistics in where we stand in the world. The argument presented in this film to revitalize midwifery focused generally on the idea of pain suffered during birth was the only way to feel accomplished and provide love for their baby. However, I completely disagree. Women that undergo C-sections and even families that adopt can have the same amount of love for their children as the women that endure pain during birth do. Normal births are not medical issues, yet they may turn into life threatening issues within seconds. Not all women are the same, they have different difficulties, and some even have disabilities that impact their birthing process. Which then increases the risks. According to Overview of Maternity, â€Å"Research shows that midwives are the safest birth attendants for most women, with lower infant and maternal mortality rates and fewer invasive interventions such as episiotomies and surgical births (cesareans). † Optimum outcome of the mother and child is based on how open to suggestions we are with midwives and patient satisfaction. The validity of your options must always be questioned. The safety of the birthing process is going to vary depending on the training, patient choice, and circumstances on geographical constraints.

Strategic Change in an Organization

Strategic Change in an Organization Introduction: Change management is the process, tools and techniques to manage the people-side of business change to achieve the required business outcome and to realize that business change effectively within the social infrastructure of the workplace. Change Management Learning Center Strategic management is the art and science of formulating, implementing and evaluating cross-functional decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its objectives. It involves the systematic identification of specifying the firms objectives, nurturing policies and strategies to achieve these objectives, and acquiring and making available these resources to implement the policies and strategies to achieve the firms objectives. Strategic management, therefore, integrates the activities of the various functional sectors of a business, such as marketing, sales, production etc., to achieve organizational goals. Task 1 2.1 Examination the need for strategic change in an organization: 2.1.1 Theory: The complexity of political, regulatory, and technological changes confronting most organizations has made radical organizational change and adaptation a central research issue. This article sets out a framework for understanding organizational changes from the perspective of neo-institutional theory. The principal theoretical issue addressed in the article is the interaction of organizational context and organizational action. The article examines the processes by which individual organizations retain, adopt, and discard templates for organizing, given the institutionalized nature of organizational fields. 2.1.2 Application: There are two possible organizational change models that the Nokia used in establishing their efforts that falls under the Strategic Planning model. There is various kind of approach and two are picked-up for careful examination. The two models are Alignment Model and Scenario Planning Model: 2.1.2.1 Alignment Model: This kind of model ensures the strong alignment among the organizations mission and its resources to effectively operate the organization. This model is useful for organizations that need to fine-tune strategies or find out why they are not working. Nokia might also choose this model if it is experiencing a large number of issues around internal efficiencies. Overall steps include: The planning group outlines the organizations mission, programs, resources, and needed support. Identify whats working well and what needs adjustment. Identify how these adjustments should be made. 2.1.2.2 Scenario Planning: This approach might be used in conjunction with other models to ensure planners truly undertake strategic thinking. The model may be useful, particularly in identifying strategic issues and goals. 1. Comes with the selection of several external forces and imagining the related changes which might influence the organization. 2. For each change in a force, discuss three different future organizational scenarios which might arise with the organization as a result of each change. Reviewing the worst-case scenario often provokes strong motivation to change the organization. 2.1.3 Comment: Nokia examined that; they need to strategic change for their organization because of the organizations mission, programs, resources, and needed support and several external forces and imagining the related changes which might influence the organization. 2.2 Assess the factors that are driving the need for strategic change: 2.2.1 Theory: 2.2.1.1 Political-Legal factors: Political and legal systems vary between countries and often have a direct impact on organizations by placing boundaries on what they can and cannot do. Governments tend to regulate industries such as power supply; telecommunications, postal services and transport and these regulations differ between countries. Merger activity is increasingly subject to the approval of competition authorities by political and legal factors. 2.2.1.2 Economic Factors: Economic factors such as wage levels, inflation and interest rates are critical in driving an organizations cost base. Electronics companies have switched many production facilities to low wage economies in Asia to cut costs. The business cycle or general state of the economy is also a major influence on organizational well-being and changes in one of the major economies have far-reaching effects. 2.2.1.3 Socio-cultural factors: Nokia have managed to be quite environmentally friendly and have not done anything that the consuming public have taken huge offence to, they have been very careful about this and this is one of the reasons they are such a popular brand of mobile phones. A key force for most organizations is demographic change, since changes in the number and age of the population will directly affect the demand for particular products and services. 2.2.1.4 Technological factors: Technology is an important environmental influence and is leading much management to reconsider fundamentally the way they operate. Advances in information technology in particular can affect all aspects of a business, from its overall strategic position through to how it manages marketing, design, production and distribution. 2.2.2 Application: PEST Analysis is done to understand the macro-economic factors that might affect Nokia. 2.2.2.1 Political: Nokia has shifted its manufacturing units to India. Nokia has to be wary of the labor laws and its political implications. For instance, the factory was shut for 2 weeks because of employee strike. In few of the countries, mobile market is still highly regulated and government intervention does take place. 2.2.2.2 Economical: Economy plays a key role in profitability of the smart phone industry. The demand for smart phone is elastic and hence any economic downturn might hamper the sales of the smart phones. 2.2.2.3 Societal: We do not perceive much of societal impacts to Smartphone industry as society are quite receptive to advance technology. Moreover the rise of the so-called information society has made telecommunications increasingly more important to customer, both in terms of work and leisure. 2.2.2.4 Technological: Smartphone industry is marked by drastic technological changes. Innovation and new product launches at faster rate are key attributes for success in this industry. 2.2.3 Comments: Nokia Assess the factors that are driving the need for strategic change by PEST analysis because of PEST Analysis is a useful tool for understanding the strategic change of the environment in which Nokia are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding Organizational environment, Nokia can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. 2.3 Assess the resource implications of the organisation not responding to strategic change: 2.3.1 Theory: Resource implications: There are severe resource implications to an organisation for not responding to strategic change. The respond should be implemented at the right time. Human resources Physical resources Financial resources If the organisation does not respond to changes, this will affect its entire resources adversely Human resources To maintain a healthy, successful and efficient environment Nokia collaborates with its employees under the main goal to create an environment for all its employees where they can fulfill their potential. Motivation, encouragement and maintaining employees satisfaction and well-being at work are vital for Nokia to perform at its best. As a goods manufacturer Nokia collaborates with its employees within formal and informal networks to allow ideas to be exchanged easily. 2.3.2 Application: Nokia count of all the skilled or unskilled staff for the organization hires to work for them. Nokia do hire highly skilled staff due to its nature of technology work and provide them with training to keep them update and create opportunities for program developers who can work from home to compete in a competition to win prices and even offer them jobs. In this time of recession and economy down turn every Nokia is looking to cut cost by making their surplus staff redundant. 2.3.3 Comments: Nokia assess the human resource implications to their organisation for not responding to strategic change because of the Nokia has highly skilled staff due to their nature of technological work and provide them efficient training program. So Nokia no need to assess the resource implication for their strategic change. 3.1 Develop systems to involve stakeholders in the planning of change: 3.1.1 Theory: Stakeholder analysis is the process of identifying the individuals or groups that are likely to affect or be affected by a proposed action, and sorting them according to their impact on the action and the impact the action will have on them. Stakeholder analysis is a key part of stakeholder management. There are: 3.1.1.1 Identifying Stakeholders When Stakeholders identified as people or organizations that are concerned about, affected by, have a vested interest in, or are involved in some way with the issue at hand. Intermediary community groups, identified during the capacity-building segment, can help identify a broad pool of stakeholders. Though, it is important to discover the informal stakeholder groups and assess their importance. 3.1.1.2 Stakeholder Mapping Mapping stakeholders is a strategic business tool which identifies and assesses the effect of a different individual or group of stakeholders on a company. It examines the power stakeholders can exert, the relative likelihood of them using that power, and their level of interest regarding the companys activities. The stakeholders in this way are broadly divided into four groups; Low interest/low power high interest/low power low interest/high power and high interest/high power 3.1.2 Application: Nokia develop stakeholders planning to change by using two methods identify and mapping stakeholders. With stakeholder mapping, when Nokia used in combination with the political mapping methodology, they dont have to be as accurate in determining the levels of interest and power in the first analysis. With stakeholder mapping, Nokia can identify people who dont have much interest in, or power over, their issues and can thus be ignored from further analysis. 3.1.3 Comment: Nokia should use the mapping stakeholders method for developing their stakeholders planning to change because of Nokia can identify people, who dont have much interest in, or power over, their issues and can thus be ignored from further analysis of stakeholders change planning. 3.2 Develop a change management strategy with stakeholders: 3.2.1 Theory: Stakeholder Management is an important discipline that successful people use to win support from others. It helps them ensure that their projects succeed where others fail. Stakeholder Analysis is the technique used to identify the key people who have to be won over. C:UsersJewelDesktopstakeholder-management-proc.gif Identify stakeholders: The success of the project depends upon the satisfaction of the stakeholders. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the stakeholders before you develop the product. Identifying stakeholders enables a software team to make better decisions and implementation phases of the development process. Document needs: Publish the completed, prioritized Stakeholder Needs Documents to each stakeholder. Include a copy of the original stakeholder meeting document. Ask for any corrections or changes to their needs within one week. Analysis stakeholders interest: Shareholders and employees have a common interest in the success of the organization. High profits which not only lead to high dividends but also job security. Suppliers have an interest in the growth and prosperity of the firm. Manage stakeholders expectation: Three Managing Stakeholders expectations that are given below: Know your stakeholders Know what you are suppose to deliver from the prospective of the stakeholders Hold your stakeholders accountable to the realities of the projects. Take action: A Stakeholder should take this action in stakeholders management analysis, which is given below: Communicating with stakeholders and keeping them informed of matters that are likely to be of interest to them; Obtaining information from stakeholders that will be relevant to the project; Managing the expectations of stakeholders; Involving stakeholders in all key decisions about the project; 3.2.2 Application: Nokia applied develop change management strategy by stakeholders management process. As we discussed on above stakeholders management model, which is helps Nokia to ensure that their change management strategy projects will be succeed. 3.2.3 Comments: Nokia can use the stakeholders management Model for their develop strategy change management because of this is the technique used to identify the key people who have to be won over. Moreover, by using this model Nokia can identify customers needs and expectation and take action in future for their change management. 3.3 Evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change: 3.3.1 Theory: Resistance to change: Resistances to Change can occur at the organizational level, group level, or individual level. 3.3.1.1 Organizational-Level: Power and conflict: If change benefits one function at the expense of another, conflict Impedes the change process. Powerful divisions, such as IBMs mainframe division, can disrupt change. If sales fall, RD wants funding for product development while sales wants to hire more people. Subunit orientations cause coordination problems and slow decision-making. A high level of task interdependence makes change difficult. It is more complicated at top levels by affecting the entire organization. 3.3.1.2 Group-level resistances to change: Group norms: When change results in different task and role relationships, informal norms may become invalid, making a new set of norms necessary. People may resist this. Group cohesiveness, attraction to the group, is helpful, but if it is too high, the group may resist change. The group may work to maintain its position even at the expense of other groups. 3.3.1.3 Individual-level resistances to change: Uncertainty and insecurity: Resistance to the uncertainty and insecurity of change results in inertia. Selective perception and retention suggests that people perceive information consistent with their views. If change doesnt benefit them, they do not endorse it. Habit: People prefer familiar tasks and tend to return to original behaviors, making change. 3.3.2 Application: Nokia evaluated stakeholders planning to change management by using resistances to change model, which is occurring at the organizational level, group level, or individual level for resistances change. Moreover Nokias stakeholders Group resistance occurs when members ignore negative information to achieve harmony. 3.3.3 Comment: Nokia does not have any organizational resistances to change for their stakeholders change management. 3.4 Create a strategy for managing resistance to change: 3.4.1 Theory: Strategies for managing resistance to change: Identify all parties that have a stake in the outcome? Include a way to get all stakeholders involved in the planning and implementation. Goal in the forefront no matter how maintains Your Focus. Keep the long-term whelmed by the resistance tempting it is to get over. Use opposition as opportunities to invite really think about the proposed beneath the surface and hear what people changes. Respect your stakeholders Value input Validate concerns That resistance will go away. Include ways to keep Do not ignore, avoid, or hope the planning and implementation the doors of communication open throughout of the change. 3.4.2 Application: Stakeholders are applied these responsibilities for managing resistance to change of Nokia, which is given below: Identify the stakeholders whose commitment is required. For each type of stakeholder, describe the needed change, perceived benefits and expected resistance. Develop action plans including ones for the stakeholder groups that are not sufficiently committed. One critical group often ignored is higher-level administration; they must be included one of the key groups. 3.4.3 Comment: Nokia can managing resistance to change by using stakeholders strategy for example, stakeholders describe their needs for change, perceived benefits and expected resistances. Task 2 1.1Discuss models of strategic change: 1.1.1 Theory: Strategic change is defined as changes in the content of a firms strategy as defined by its scope, resource deployments, competitive advantages, and synergy. Hofer and Schendel 1978 Strategic change as a subject has for long become a question of importance, within the strategic management field. The reason to why strategic change is important is because it represents the means through which an organization maintains co alignment with shifting competitive, technological and social environments. Strategic change can though damage existing resources and performance especially among organizations highly dependent on human resources; these organizational resources decrease the propensity to adapt strategic change, because of new roles, tasks and circumstances. Kraatz Zajac, 2001 1.1.2 Application: Nokia developed their organizational strategic change by using a number of mergers and acquisitions (MAs) of other firms with more or less related but different business activities. MA as well as strategic alliances are a means to obtain the necessary capabilities and are meant to improve the overall performance of the firm. Nokia is now gradually shifting from MA to alliances in order to strengthen their core capabilities, and divesting and refocusing its business activities instead of diversifying business activities. 1.1.3 Comments: Nokia can develop their organizational strategic change by using a number of mergers and acquisitions (MA) process because of MA to obtain the necessary capabilities and to improve the overall performance of the organization. 1.2 Evaluate the relevance of models of strategic change to organisations in the current economy: 1.2.1 Theory: Supply chain management Model: Supply chain is operating as efficient as possible and generating the highest level of customer satisfaction at the lowest cost, companies have adopted Supply Chain Management processes and associated technology. Nokia is in a highly competitive market that is very margin/cost sensitive and equipment companies are less and less able to make enough profit on just the sale of boxes alone. The strategy it has adopted is to move to a service and solutions-orientated model, facilitated by the digitalization of the whole telecoms business. Nokias aim has been to create revenue streams from operating the product for the customer or by providing service contracts. 1.2.2 Application: Nokia Networks has done a great job by using all the best practice approaches to supply chain management model and has applied them to a new area of the supply chain an area which is much more important in the current market economy. Nokia using their supply chain to create differentiation in the market place. With this model they are going to be a leader in the transformation of the industry this company has taken a giant step forward. Nokia Networks operates in a highly competitive global market place where low-cost manufacturers and getting more profit. 1.2.3 Comment: Nokia can evaluate the strategic change for their organisations in the current economy by the application of supply chain management model because of Nokia supply chain management to create differentiation in the market place, which highly operates the competitive global market place. As which Nokia able to earn more profit. 1.3 Assess the value of using strategic intervention techniques in organisations: 1.3.1 Theory: Strategic Intervention is a method for assisting people to find empowering meanings for their life circumstances, discover why they do what they do and how they meet their needs in positive and negative ways, the understanding of which helps to promote sustainable change. Tony Robbins Organization Development Interventions: OD interventions are plans or programs comprised of specific activities designed to effect change in some facet of an organization. In general, organizations that wish to achieve a high degree of organizational change will employ a full range of interventions, including those designed to transform individual and group behavior and attitudes. 1.3.1.1 Individual OD Interventions: Role negotiation Management training Job redesign Career planning 1.3.1.2 Team OD Interventions: Team building Process consultation Inter-group team building 1.3.1.3 Organizational-wide OD Interventions: Survey feedback Confrontation meeting Structural redesign Management by objectives (MBO) 1.3.2 Application: Nokia used organizational development strategic intervention techniques in their organisations. As we discuss on above individual OD of Nokia implies several things like management training, job design. Moreover team OD implies team building and process consultation. This is the strategic intervention of Nokia Ltd. 1.3.3 Comment: Nokia should apply individual organizational development strategic intervention techniques in their organisations because of Individual level strategic intervention gives more advantages for the organization. Nokia redesign job and provide management training methods by applying this intervention technique. Thats why this is important for Nokia. 4.1 Develop appropriate models for change: 4.1.1 Theory: Organizational change is the movement of an organization from one situation of dealings to another. Organizational change can take many forms. It may involve a change in a companys structure, strategy, policies, procedures, technology, or culture. The change may be planned years in advance or may be forced upon an organization because of a shift in the environment. Organizational change can be radical and alter the way an organization operates, or it may be incremental and slowly change the way things are done. Nokia applied 5p model for develop their organizational change. 4.1.2 Application: The 5 Ps Model of Nokia Principal and Process People Performance Purpose 4.1.2.1 Purpose: This includes the organizations mission, vision, goals, and objectives, as well as strategies for achieving the vision and mission. Leaders must establish the strategic direction and goals of their organizations as well as the strategies and tactics for achieving them. 4.1.2.2 Principles: Nokia is the honesty base, ethics, and core values to which employees are expected to make a commitment when they are hired. Leaders of Nokia understand the principles upon which their organizations were founded and upon which they currently operate. 4.1.2.3 Processes: Processes are the organizational structures, systems, and procedures that are used to make the products or perform the services that the Nokia provides, as well as the infrastructure and rules that support these systems and procedures. Therefore, Nokia Processes that are well documented and Principles that are well communicated can drive behavior that is necessary to achieve Performance excellence. 4.1.2.4 People: People are the employees who perform work that is consistent with the Principles and Processes of Nokia to achieve its Purpose. Nokia business leaders understand and can align Purpose, Principles, Processes, and People, they are more likely to achieve Performance excellence. 4.1.2.5 Performance: Performance encompasses all the metrics, measurements, and expected results that indicate the status of Nokia and are used as criteria for decision making. It is essential that business leaders understand and establish measurement and feedback systems for their organizations long-term survive and profitability. 4.1.3 Comment: Nokia can develop their organizational change model by using 5ps model because of 5ps model implies the organizations purpose, principal, process, people and performance by which Nokia can achieve their goals and develop organizations structure, producers and performance measurement for strategic decision making. So 5p model is very important for develop organizational change. 4.2 Plan to implement a model for change: 4.2.1 Theory: Implementation of 5p model: Implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy. The model that we used in our change management is similar to the 5-P Model implemented in this article, These are: Purpose Principles Process People Performance This model may be appropriate based on the nature of the change, the culture of the organization, and the personalities and style of the change leaders. The important thing is to use a model that serves as an anchor to the day-to-day vagaries of change. Whether were using the 5-P Model, or any number of other change management models, we can be successful. 4.2.2 Application: Implementation of 5p Model of Nokia: The main purpose of Nokia is that, to achieve organizational mission, vision and goals by providing their principal like, good customer service, qualities of product supply, cost reduction and profit maximization. Moreover, Nokias Processes are the developing organizational structures, systems, and procedures that are used to make the qualities of products or perform the best services by providing their expert technologies, Employees and market leaders. Performance is essential because the market leaders of Nokia understand and establish measurement and feedback systems for their organizations long-term survive and profitability. 4.2.3 Comment: The implementation of 5p model of Nokia should apply in the organization because it will show the overview of organizations current objectives, structure and technologies by which company can take further step of change model. 4.3 Develop appropriate measures to monitor progress: 4.3.1 Theory: Developing Monitoring progress is about keeping track of how the work with others is going, making sure you are on task and on time. Monitoring progress in working with others involves you considering your progress in: managing a group activity to enable the group to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently; establishing and maintaining co-operative working relationships, exchanging feedback and agreeing ways to solve difficulties; and Monitoring and critically reflecting on your use of skills in working with others, and adapting your strategy as necessary. 4.3.2 Application: Nokia develop in their organizations monitoring progress by using appropriate measuring tools, which is given below: Identify Problems Surveys are can be very effective in identify problems areas before they become serious, especially those that are hidden from senior management. Training Lack of proper training is a common cause of dissatisfaction among employees and can lead to more serious problems such as stress. Communication For Nokia to run efficiently good internal and external communications are essential, surveys can provide a method to help organizations to monitor and measure how well an organization communicates. Goals and Objectives Nokia can measure and monitor the extent that the personnel are aligned with the senior managements business goals and objectives. 4.3.3 Comment: Nokia can develop organizations monitor progress by measuring tools which is discussed on above. Nokia measures organizations current monitor progress by Identify problems, benchmark, training and goals and objective and can take decision for develop planning to monitor progress.

Effective Communication Inside the Courtroom Essay -- Court Communicat

Effective Communication Inside the Courtroom Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth so help you God? This is a statement that is often heard inside the courtroom, one that all must swear to as they attempt to testify in a court of law. The constitution of the United States allows accused to be judged by a jury of their peers to determine their guilt or innocence (Abadinsky, 1995). In order for that to take place a trial must be conducted to allow the evidence to be presented. In order for that to happen the state must have its attorneys present the facts that have been discovered. It is the responsibility of the state attorney or prosecutor to convince the members of the jury that the events being presenting are true and that as members of society they should find the accused guilty and thus assess some type of penalty. At the same time it is the job of the defense attorneys to persuade the jury to find their client not guilty based on their story. In order for this to happen both the prosecution and the defiance must effectively communicate with the members of the jury and with other members of the court in an attempt to prevail. The proper communication techniques are very important in presenting ones case. Communication must take place between attorneys and clients, between opposite counsel and with the judge, but most importantly with the jury. Statement of the Problem Thus, the research question for this study is: How do attorneys effectively communicate inside the courtroom? Attorneys are defined as officers of the court authorized to appear before it as a representative of a party in a legal controversy. Communicate is defined as to impart knowledge, to make known, to d... ...s paper article: Lewis, N.A. (2001, September 9). Plans for web monitoring in courts dropped.The New York Times, 51,871, 34-35. 9. An Article in a scholarly journal with continuous pagination: Beitz, C. (2000). Rawls’s law of peoples. Ethics, 110, 669-696. 10. An article in a scholarly journal that paginates each issue separately: Durrell, D.D (2000). Durrell as a teacher. Journal of education, 182, 135- 158. 11. A film or video tape: Bureau of Justice (Producer) & Richardson, J.G. (Writer/Director). (1997). Bias in the courtroom. [microfilm]. United States National Center for State Courts. 12. An article off of the internet: Ramsey, G. (March 1999). Communication theories on trial: can the scales of justice be swayed by the application of communication theories? Communication & the law. Retrieved (September 17, 2001) from http:// ehostgvw9.epnet.com

Research Papers

E. W. Clay’s Life in Philadelphia Series During the 1830’s, among the antislavery protest, freeborn blacks of Philadelphia represented the wealthiest and most educated group of African Americans in the country. They established their own schools, churches, and even a social order. Associated to the cultural and social economic status, African American clubwomen of Philadelphia were greatly ridiculed in racially prejudiced cartoons such as E. W. Clay’s popular â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† series. E. W.Clay was inspired to make these series by George and Robert Cruikshank who had published a â€Å"Life in London† series. His late 1820s feature series â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† fight with who African Americans could be in the social world; a world that relied on race and slavery as powerful signs of inequity. His response was brutally racist: in Philadelphia, those African Americans who took on the frills of urban life were strained and out of p lace. Clay’s analysis came in the form of fourteen engraved plates, a series that was one part observation, one part artistry, and one part imagination.Clay’s series presented American spectators a cruel portrayal of black figures that offered an exaggeration in overdressed clothing and proportions, awkward poses, and thus failed to measure up to the demands of freedom and citizenship. In Clay’s cartoons, not only was their style being ridicule but their language as well. In his 1828 â€Å"Is Miss Dina at home? † cartoon he mocks the person by declaring that an African American with a business card is simply a laughable concept. Blackness, as illustrated by Clay, provided his free black subjects mistaken aspirants, were always controlled by incomparable distinction.Clay’s varieties of drawings were inspired by the way some of the African American women had started to carry themselves out. They added a touch of certain things, that perhaps were not permissible by their society, and it made them give the impression trying to be different. They might have imitated their middle-class etiquette and their ways of life, but they always overreached, or as one of Clay’s characters put it, â€Å"aspire too much†. This series of cartoons were an observation that everything they did was taken as a joke.Clay was not the only American caricaturist active during the Jacksonian era, but he was the first American artist to specialize in political caricature. His work was pointed towards African Americans; therefore in the south it was pointless for southern whites to purchase these images. The south already had slavery and was establishing social perimeters. Nevertheless, many people still bought his cartoons. The early success of Clay’s images is example to his ability to tap into the nations fears and appeal with the dilemma on slavery and in abolition.His â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† etchings mocked the fancy dre sses, their manners, and dialects of Philadelphians, white and black. Today these images are often used as basic examples of discrimination against blacks. However, an inspection shows humorous, theatrical pictorial satire, grounded in Philadelphia culture just before the rise of the Abolition Movement. Clay’s work shows that he reserved that right to comment on events and personalities regardless of political affiliation as well as the right to change his mind on issues. Although Clay’s point of view varies from topic to topic, he did not always follow a party line in his caricatures.

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French

Conjugate Trouver (to Find) in French In French, the verb  trouver  means to find. This is a little easier to remember if you think of finding a treasure trove. Beyond that, youll also need to memorize the verbs conjugations in order to say things like the present tense finding and the past tense found. A quick lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations of  trouver  youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Trouver Verb conjugations in French are a little trickier than they are in English. Where we use -ing and -ed endings to indicate the present and past tenses, French uses a new ending for each subject pronoun within each tense. That means you have more words to memorize. The good news for French students is that  trouver  is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most common conjugation patterns found in the French language, so the endings you learn here can also be applied to a number of other verbs. Well begin the lesson with the indicative mood, which includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Once you know that the verbs radical (or stem) is  trouv-, you can apply the appropriate ending. The chart will help you study these words. Simply pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense for your sentence. For example, I am finding is  je trouve  and we found is  nous trouvions. Practicing these in context will speed up your memorization and there are many common  expressions with  trouver  that can help you out. Present Future Imperfect je trouve trouverai trouvais tu trouves trouveras trouvais il trouve trouvera trouvait nous trouvons trouverons trouvions vous trouvez trouverez trouviez ils trouvent trouveront trouvaient The Present Participle of  Trouver For regular verbs, adding -ant to the verb stem forms the present participle. For trouver, that creates the word trouvant. Trouver  in the Compound Past Tense Beyond the imperfect, you can also use the compound past tense known as the  passà © composà ©. This requires a simple construction using the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  trouvà ©. The only conjugation you need to worry about here is for  avoir.  Youll use the present tense that matches the subject, then attach the past participle. For example, I found is  jai trouvà ©Ã‚  and we found is  nous avons trouvà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Trouver Among the other simple conjugations youll want to study for  trouver  are the subjunctive and the conditional. They both have some degree of uncertainty in the act of finding, with the conditional implying that its dependent on something else happening. There may also be times when youll encounter or use the passà © simple  or  imperfect subjunctive. However, all of the other forms should be your top priority as these are only used on occasion. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je trouve trouverais trouvai trouvasse tu trouves trouverais trouvas trouvasses il trouve trouverait trouva trouvà ¢t nous trouvions trouverions trouvà ¢mes trouvassions vous trouviez trouveriez trouvà ¢tes trouvassiez ils trouvent trouveraient trouvà ¨rent trouvassent The imperative  form  is the only one that doesnt require the subject pronoun. Its used in short sentences and instead of  tu trouve, you can simplify it to  trouve. Imperative (tu) trouve (nous) trouvons (vous) trouvez